Layered Interaction Analysis of Direct Manipulation (Jakob Nielsen)
Layered Interaction Analysis of Direct Manipulation Jakob Nielsen
Layered Interaction Analysis of Direct Manipulation (Jakob Nielsen)
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1. Introduction
Direct manipulation (Shneiderman 1982a) has become a popular concept in the user interface field for describing a certain class of interaction styles. Initially, the term was used to characterize entire applications in a strict classification scheme where a system was seen as either having a direct manipulation interface or belonging to some other category of interfaces like natural language, menu-driven, or form fill-in. This usage lead Wixon and Good (1987) to point out the apparent paradox of having several early «canonical» direct manipulation applications make heavy use of menus and form fill-in (dialog boxes). (See Tognazzini (1989) for a discussion of the role of canonical applications in establishing...
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